Sao Tome and Principe Country Facts
São Tomé and Príncipe is a small island nation located in the Gulf of Guinea, off the western coast of Central Africa. Its geographic coordinates are approximately 0.1864° N latitude and 6.6131° E longitude. The country consists of two main islands, São Tomé and Príncipe, along with several smaller islets.
Geography
Climate
São Tomé and Príncipe enjoy a tropical climate characterized by warm temperatures year-round, high humidity, and abundant rainfall. The islands experience two distinct seasons: a wet season from October to May and a dry season from June to September. The average annual temperature ranges from 23°C to 31°C (73°F to 88°F), making it an ideal destination for beachgoers and nature enthusiasts alike.
Fauna
The islands of São Tomé and Príncipe are renowned for their rich biodiversity and unique ecosystems. The lush rainforests are home to a variety of endemic species, including birds such as the São Tomé olive pigeon and São Tomé ibis, as well as reptiles like the São Tomé giant treefrog and São Tomé caecilian. The surrounding waters teem with marine life, including dolphins, whales, and sea turtles.
Longest Rivers
São Tomé and Príncipe are not known for extensive river systems. However, the longest river on São Tomé Island is the Rio Contador, while the Rio Papagaio is the longest river on Príncipe Island. These rivers meander through dense rainforests, providing vital water sources for local communities and wildlife.
Highest Mountains
The highest peak in São Tomé and Príncipe is Pico de São Tomé, towering 2,024 meters (6,640 feet) above sea level on São Tomé Island. This majestic mountain offers breathtaking views of the surrounding landscapes and is a popular destination for hiking and trekking enthusiasts.
History
Prehistory
The islands of São Tomé and Príncipe were uninhabited until their discovery by Portuguese explorers in the late 15th century. Prior to European contact, the islands may have been visited by African and Arab traders, but little is known about their early inhabitants. Portuguese colonizers established settlements on São Tomé and Príncipe in the 16th century, primarily for sugar and cocoa production using enslaved African labor.
Colonial Era
São Tomé and Príncipe remained under Portuguese colonial rule for centuries, with the islands serving as important centers for the transatlantic slave trade. The cultivation of sugarcane, cocoa, and coffee became the primary economic activities, shaping the islands’ social and cultural landscape. The abolition of slavery in the 19th century led to the introduction of indentured laborers from Angola, Cape Verde, and Mozambique.
Independence and Modern Age
São Tomé and Príncipe gained independence from Portugal on July 12, 1975, becoming one of Africa’s smallest and youngest sovereign states. Since independence, the country has faced numerous challenges, including political instability, economic hardship, and environmental degradation. However, São Tomé and Príncipe has made significant strides in democratic governance, economic development, and international cooperation.
Demographics
Population
São Tomé and Príncipe has a population of approximately 219,159 people, according to the latest estimates. The majority of the population resides on São Tomé Island, with a smaller population on Príncipe Island and the surrounding islets. The country has a relatively young population, with a median age of around 20 years.
Ethnicity and Language
The population of São Tomé and Príncipe is ethnically diverse, with people of African, European, and mixed descent. The official language is Portuguese, reflecting the country’s colonial heritage, while Forro, a Portuguese-based creole, is widely spoken as a first language by the majority of the population. Other languages spoken include Angolar and Principense, which are also creole languages.
Religion
Christianity is the predominant religion in São Tomé and Príncipe, with Roman Catholicism being the largest denomination. The Catholic Church plays a significant role in the social and cultural life of the country, influencing education, healthcare, and community development. There are also small Protestant and Muslim communities in São Tomé and Príncipe.
Administrative Divisions and Population
São Tomé and Príncipe is divided into two provinces, each consisting of several districts. The following is a list of the first-level administrative divisions along with their populations:
- São Tomé Province – Population: 197,700
- Água Grande District
- Cantagalo District
- Caué District
- Lembá District
- Lobata District
- Mé-Zóchi District
- Príncipe Province – Population: 21,459
- Pagué District
- Lemba District
- Água Grande District
10 Largest Cities by Population
- São Tomé
- Neves
- Santana
- Santo António
- Trindade
- Guadalupe
- Santa Catarina
- Água Grande
- Pantufo
- Santa Cruz
Education Systems
Free Education
Education in São Tomé and Príncipe is provided by the government and is free and compulsory for children between the ages of 6 and 14. The country has made significant progress in expanding access to primary education, with primary school enrollment rates exceeding 90%. However, challenges remain in ensuring quality education and addressing disparities in access, particularly in rural areas.
Top Universities
The University of São Tomé and Príncipe is the primary institution of higher education in the country, offering undergraduate and graduate programs in various fields, including education, social sciences, natural sciences, and engineering. The university is committed to promoting academic excellence and research while contributing to the socio-economic development of the nation.
Transportation
Airports
São Tomé and Príncipe are served by two airports:
- São Tomé International Airport (IATA: TMS) – Located on São Tomé Island, this airport is the main gateway to the country and handles domestic and international flights.
- Príncipe Airport (IATA: PCP) – Located on Príncipe Island, this airport provides domestic flights to and from São Tomé and international charters.
Ports
The main port in São Tomé and Príncipe is the Port of São Tomé, located in the capital city of São Tomé. The port facilitates maritime trade and transportation, handling cargo shipments and passenger ferries between the islands. Additionally, smaller ports and harbors serve coastal communities and fishing villages.
Country Facts
- Population: 219,159
- Capital: São Tomé
- Official Language: Portuguese
- Religion: Christianity (Roman Catholicism)
- Race: African, European, Mixed
- Currency: São Tomé and Príncipe Dobra (STN)
- ISO Country Codes: ST, STP
- International Calling Code: +239
- Top-Level Domain: .st
